Disclaimer: Turbulent Times Investor is an online investment publication issued by TCI Enterprises, LLC . TCI Enterprises, LLC, doing business as Turbulent Times Investor ( abbreviated TTI), is not registered as an investment adviser and therefore is not regulated, licensed, reviewed, or otherwise overseen by any federal or state regulatory agency. Past performance is not indicative of future results. Therefore, you should never assume that the future performance of any specific investment or investment strategy, including those made available by TTI, will be profitable. Investing in securities (including stocks, mutual funds, and bonds, etc.) involves the risk of loss. Furthermore, depending on the type of investment, there may be varying degrees of risk. You should be prepared to bear investment loss, including complete loss of original principal. All opinions and recommendations expressed in TTI publications are general and are not intended to be personalized or individualized investment advice. It is the sole responsibility of every subscriber to determine whether to apply the information and selections provided by TTI to their individual situation. Moreover, it is the sole responsibility of every subscriber to accept or reject the information and selections provided by TTI. Because the information provided by TTI is only for educational purposes, no investment decisions should be made solely based on its contents. Referring to information contained within this website and within TTI publications is not a substitute for engaging an investment professional for a personal consultation, whereby all financial circumstances, risk tolerance, and investment objectives can be considered. Free and simple tools are available to research firms and financial professionals at www.investor.gov/CRS , which also provides educational materials about investment advisers, broker-dealers, and investing. In a capacity completely separate from TTI, our Editor, Dr. Stephen Leeb, serves as the President, Research Chairman, and Chief Compliance Officer of Leeb Capital Management (LCM), an investment advisory firm registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Likewise, contributing editor Kuen (Scott) Chan also serves as the portfolio manager of LCM. The Turbulent Times Investor publication is a separate business entity from LCM, and the investment parameters used for TTI differ from those used for LCM. Although TCI Enterprises, LLC (Turbulent Times Investor) and LCM are separate companies, they are owned and operated by Dr. Stephen Leeb. Nothing on this website is a solicitation or offer, or recommendation to acquire or dispose of any investment or to engage in any other transaction through LCM. LCM does not render or offer to render personal investment advice or financial planning advice through TTI or any materials published by TTI. An investment advisory relationship with LCM can only be established, and investment advice can only be provided by LCM after the following three events have been completed: (1) LCM’s thorough review with you of all the relevant facts pertaining to a potential engagement; (2) the execution of a written LCM engagement and fee agreement; and (3) delivery of the LCM Form ADV disclosure brochure.